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| 1530 |
| | | German botanist Otto Brunfels publishes Living images of plants, the first serious work of natural history with printed illustrations | |
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| 1560 |
| | | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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| 1596 |
| | | Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin begins work classifying 6000 plants on a new binomial system of nomenclature | |
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| 1661 |
| | | Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1674 |
| | | The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood | |
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| 1677 |
| | | With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the semen of a dog | |
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| 1686 |
| | | English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species | |
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| 1735 |
| | | Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus publishes a 'system of nature', capable of classifying all living things | |
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| 1769 |
| | | Captain Cook's distinguished passengers, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, collect valuable specimens of Pacific flora | |
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| 1809 |
| | | French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck argues in Zoological Philosophy that creatures can inherit acquired characteristics | |
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